The aim of this paper is surveying the effects of money growth uncertainty on currency substitution. For this, bivariate GARCH model and VAR-BEKK method was used on the base of data for 1979 to 2014. The results show that money growth uncertainty affects currency substitution positively. Also, currency substitution, affected by its own past shock and the currency growth. On the other hand, there have been spillover of fluctuations from the currency growth to currency substitution and vice versa. Due to the existence of currency growth effective relationship on the currency substitution in Iran, it is necessary for controlling currency growth and preventing from currency irregular growth by policy makers.

Substitution phenomenon usually occurs when the citizens lose their confidence to domestic currency especially for money as a store of value. It seems to be the most important concern in the present Iran economy status is inflation and increase exchange rate and hence, keeping the dollar and other currencies instead of domestic currency has gained common. Accordingly, the present study examines the phenomenon of currency substitution in Iran. Therefore, annual data for the period 1979-2013 (1358- 1392 Corresponding to Iranian calendar) are used to estimate the demand for money applying Auto Regressive with Distributed Lags (ARDL) method. The findings indicate that the GDP has direct effect on the demand for money and inflation variables, exchange rate (price per unit of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency) and volatility exchange rate has an adverse effect on the demand for money, so that the negative exchange rate coefficient confirms the existence of the phenomenon of currency substitution in Iran. Also CUSUMSQ and CUSUM test prove that the money demand function is completely stable in Iran.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the demand for money in Iranian economy over 1338-1386 period using co-integration and error correction methodology. The analyses showed narrow definition of money (M1), domestic gross product, parallel exchange rate, prices level and return rate on long-term loans to private sector are integrated. Thus, by using Johansen and Juselius maximum likelihood co-integration approach the long-term demand for money is specified and estimated. Empirical results showed there are two co-integrated vector variables. Error correction of 0.053 indicated that despite long-run equilibrium in the money market, moving towards equilibrium in this market is done slowly. CUSUM and CUSUMQ statistics results showed that money demand function during this period was stable. Moreover, the substitution of money in Iran is confirmed.

In the current monetary system, money is a type of debt that is created by the central bank and Commercial banks in the context of balance sheet operations. Creating money in a Fractional reserve banking system Causes or exacerbates various problems, including bankruptcy and bankrun. One way to solve such problems is to change the system of money governance to a situation where the possibility of creating bank money is eliminated (100% reserve system). Analysis of CBDC balance sheets based on the balance sheets of economic agents shows that increasing The share of CBDC in the people's portfolio in the economy and replacing it with bank deposits reduces the Money creation power of banks. If the CBDC completely replaces bank deposits, the Money creation power of banks will be reduced to zero. In fact, the CBDC enables the establishment of a full reserve-based monetary system that eliminates the problems of bank money creation, including the high probability of liquidity crisis (due to unequal risk on both sides of the bank balance sheet) and balance sheet insolvency (due to banks' ability for non performing loans forbearance).

Background and Aim: All the problems of a conventional economy are rooted in something real (not real) called inflation. So that even the problems of stagflation, poverty, class divide and unemployment go back to inflation. As a result, it seems that this fact is born of a false credit. As long as this is wrong in the economy, these problems exist. Of course, this seems to be the definition of money in the economy. Materials and Methods: The hard core of Islamic economics is money. In this research, the jurisprudence of money in Islamic economics is analyzed. To explain this in detail, it is necessary to analyze the following: 1. The role of credit in the economy: Money is a concept of credit (such as meters and kilograms that are credit but have a real origin). The result is not money, goods, capital, wealth of the individual and society. Its ownership is public. Which is necessary and obligatory to circulate in the economy in the form of good loans. 2. Analyzing the concept of tax and ownership in Islamic economics 3. The position and role of money in economics (explanation of 4 theories) It seems that in Islamic jurisprudence, money is property (only and only consumer value). But it has no tax (exchange value). But also has ownership. It has credit ownership. In order to maintain the principle of ownership in society, it is necessary to consider money as credit ownership. The principle of ownership is violated when money is considered otherwise. Ethical considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Findings: Money is a tool for measuring value. But the means of exchange is not money (in conventional economics, money is considered the medium of exchange). The means of exchange is consciousness. This is the key to the jurisprudence of money in Islamic economics. In other words, what creates the exchange is not money. It is consciousness. In other words, what transmits value is the awareness of economic agents. Awareness of economic agents that they are exchanging the same values. In other words, a condition is necessary for the formation of money exchange. But the condition is not enough. A sufficient condition is the exchange of consciousness. If consciousness is removed, exchange will not take place. That is, with money alone, exchange does not take place. It is in spite of economic awareness that exchange takes shape. Awareness is the missing link in economics. In other words, in economics, the role of the observer has been ignored. Observers who exchange views with each other. Conclusion: Exchange is not formed without awareness. Exchange is not formed by removing consciousness. This is a very accurate point. The instrument that plays the role of measuring value must be different from the instrument that plays the role of transmitting value. It is a means of measuring the value of money. But it is a means of transmitting the value of consciousness. With this kind of look at money in economics, money can never be made.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Economic instability affects the domestic money that economic agents are willing to hold. For example in an uncertain inflationary environment, they prefer to less demand for money and use those asset which has less risk of maintenance, such as foreign currency and foreign assets. The use of foreign currency as a store of value is "dollarization". This study examines the impact of economic instability on the unofficial dollarization in Iran. For this purpose, we estimate the degree of dollarization by Kamin and Ericsson (2003) and El-Erian (1988) method, then obtain a composite macroeconomic instability index with the consumer price index, exchange rate, stock of international reserves, interest rate and budget deficit, then examine by using a vector auto regression model over the period of 1979 to 2014. The results indicate that economic instability affects dollarization positively. The impulse response function shows that a one-standard error shock in instability increases dollarization at first, and gradually reduced. The results of variance decomposition also show that in long term instability index can explain fluctuation of the dollarization.

In order to investigate the effect of using wild species as a rootstock in grafting plants on salinity tolerance in tomato, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design were conducted. The first factor was grafting including Money maker non-grafted (M), Money maker self-grafted (M+M), Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722 (M+P1) and Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA 2184 and the second factor was three concentration of NaCl including the 0, 40 and 80 mM along with Hogland nutrient solution that were applied to tomato in the hydroponics greenhouse, Department of Horticulture, University of Tabriz. The results showed that the increasing salinity had a negative effect on leaf area and yield, and total fruit number in tomato cv. Money maker, the use of S. pimpinellifolium as rootstock showed the best performance under different salinity conditions. Also, in the highest salinity concentration, the lowest sodium content was observed in the plants grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722. The results indicate that, use of pimpinellifolium as rootstock in 80mM NaCl level had 69% higher fruit yields than the non and self-grafted Money maker plants.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).